Eyes on the road: On India and road traffic fatalities
Judicial fiat alone cannot prevent traffic fatalities
360° Perspective Analysis
Deep-dive into Geography, Polity, Economy, History, Environment & Social dimensions — AI-powered, on-demand
Context
The Supreme Court recently directed the to review a petition seeking stricter enforcement of seatbelt and helmet laws to reduce road traffic fatalities. India accounts for roughly 11% of global road deaths despite having only 1% of the world's vehicles, highlighting a critical governance and public safety failure. This editorial argues that while individual compliance is necessary, a comprehensive 'Safe System' approach addressing road design, speed limits, and trauma care is essential for meaningful reduction in mortality.
UPSC Perspectives
Governance
The persistent high rate of road fatalities in India underscores a failure in effective governance and policy implementation. The introduced stringent penalties and mechanisms to curb traffic violations, yet its impact remains limited, partly due to chronic shortages in traffic police personnel and inadequate enforcement capacity. The editorial highlights the need for a shift from merely penalizing individual behavior to adopting a holistic 'Safe System' approach. This approach mandates governments to proactively design infrastructure—such as better roads, safer intersections, and appropriate speed limits—that anticipates and mitigates human error. The Supreme Court's decision to refer the matter to the executive rather than issuing a (a judicial writ commanding an official to perform a public duty) reflects an understanding of the Separation of Powers, acknowledging that complex safety enforcement requires administrative action and capacity building rather than mere judicial decrees.
Social
Road traffic accidents represent a significant public health crisis, disproportionately affecting vulnerable road users. According to the 2024 data, two-wheeler riders and pedestrians account for over 66% of road deaths, highlighting the limitations of policies focused solely on enclosed vehicle safety measures like seat belts. This necessitates a shift in focus towards mitigating risks for these specific demographics, for instance, by controlling speeding, which is the dominant recorded violation associated with fatalities. The lack of a strong public culture reinforcing safe behavior further complicates the issue. A robust social intervention requires public awareness campaigns to foster a culture of safety, coupled with improved, timely access to trauma care. Under (Right to Life), the state has an implied obligation to ensure the safety of its citizens, which extends to providing safe road environments and adequate emergency medical responses.
Infrastructure
The design and quality of road infrastructure play a crucial role in preventing accidents and reducing their severity. The editorial emphasizes that governments must design roads assuming that not everyone will behave perfectly, a core principle of the 'Safe System' approach. This involves identifying and rectifying 'black spots' (accident-prone locations), implementing physical environments that compensate for human error, and creating dedicated infrastructure to separate vulnerable users (like pedestrians and cyclists) from fast-moving traffic. The focus on mitigating opportunities for vehicles to accelerate to high speeds suggests a need for traffic calming measures and better road engineering. The , constituted under the , is tasked with advising the government on aspects of road safety and traffic management, emphasizing the need for standardizing road designs to minimize fatal outcomes.