The India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty is a bilateral Extradition Treaty, an international agreement that establishes the procedure for the transfer of individuals accused or convicted of crimes between the two nations. The treaty was signed on January 28, 2013, and entered into force on October 23, 2013. Its creation was driven by the need to address cross-border insurgency, specifically concerns about Indian insurgents, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), hiding in Bangladesh, and Bangladeshi militants, like those from Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), taking refuge in India.
The treaty obligates both countries to extradite individuals wanted for an "extraditable offence," which is defined as a crime carrying a minimum punishment of at least one year of imprisonment. A core mechanism is the principle of dual criminality, which requires the offence to be punishable under the laws of both India and Bangladesh. Extradition may be refused if the offence is deemed to be of a political nature (Article 6), though serious crimes like murder and terrorism are explicitly excluded from this exception. The treaty connects to India's domestic law through the Extradition Act, 1962, and the Ministry of External Affairs serves as the nodal authority. The treaty was amended in 2016 to streamline the process, notably removing the requirement for evidence of the alleged crime and requiring only an arrest warrant from a competent court.