Climate Change is a concept defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a long-term shift in temperatures and weather patterns attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the global atmosphere's composition. The scientific basis for this was formalized with the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. The problem it addresses is the dangerous human interference with the climate system, which began primarily since the 1800s due to the burning of fossil fuels. The core mechanism is the enhanced greenhouse effect, where increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$), methane ($\text{CH}_4$), and nitrous oxide ($\text{N}_2\text{O}$) trap heat in the lower atmosphere.
The international framework originated with the UNFCCC, adopted in 1992. This led to the Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and effective in 2005, which mandated legally binding emission reduction targets only for developed countries (Annex I Parties). This approach was based on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC). The framework was significantly amended by the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, which replaced the top-down binding targets with voluntary, country-driven Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for all nations, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C. Domestically, India launched its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in June 2008, which includes eight missions, such as the National Solar Mission and the Green India Mission, to pursue its development goals while addressing climate change.